Mokihana Dermatitis

Presented by Caitlin Stiglmeier

I am a 23-year old woman with Type 1 skin who was gathering the fragrant mokihana berries in Kokee, Kauai’s mountain park. Twenty-four hours later, I developed a rash of red marks on my arms, half of which later developed into vesiculo-bullous eruptions. The bullae were left alone; the large blister on the forearm was accidentally burst; the remaining smaller eruptions eventually collapsed over a week’s period.

Pelea anisata, (common name: mokihana) is native only to Kauai, Hawaii, growing at elevations of 1,200 to 4,000 feet. The berries are used in lei-making. It is a multi-trunked tree that grows somewhat vine-like. The oils from its leaves and berries have an anise-like aroma and contain furocoumarin which is the cause of the phytophotodermatitis.

Mokihana is found in the mountain areas of Kauai


The berries are prised for their anise-like fragrance.


My Mokihana Dermatitis at day 5


One month later


Reference:
Elpern DJ, Mitchell JC. Phytophotodermatitis from mokihana fruits (Pelea anisata H. Mann, fam. Rutaceae) in Hawaiian lei. Contact Dermatitis. 1984 Apr;10(4):224-6.
Abstract: Bullous dermatitis, which resolved leaving hyperpigmentation and which was clinically consistent with phytophotodermatitis , affected the skin of the neck of 2 individuals who wore Hawaiian leis (as neck garlands ) made of the fruits of Pelea anisata . In a Daniels culture plate system portions of the fruits showed phototoxicity.

Buttock Necrosis

The patient is a 50 yo nurse who presented to my office on July 31, 2007. Here is the history in her words:

"On June 28th I fell off of my horse. Large dark hematomas covered left buttocks cheek, vagina, and coccyx. Per doctors orders warm, moist heat applied. Thw first picture, taken by my daughter ten days after the fall, shows where the circular area of skin fell off as a result of the compress. I then applied collagenase santyl cream for two weeks but was still unable to debride. One month later, in addition to area on left cheek, new symptoms have arrived which include headaches, 10 - 15 pound weight loss due to diarrhea, burning sensation in face and ears, chest pain, pain between shoulder blades and in neck. There are currently blood tests being done to confirm the existence of what is believed to be a blood disorder. [CBC and Comprehensive chem profile normal except for a slightly elevated BUN of 24 mg%]

O/E: I know this patient well as a care giver and was surprised to see how thin and pale she looked. There is a 9 cm escar on the left buttock. The tissue is necrotic and can not be debrided at this time.

Lab: A culture of the exudate under the eschar grew out many Pseudomonas aeroginosa -- sensitive to Cipro and levofloxacillin.



Discussion:
The trauma seems to have caused skin necrosis. Pseudomonas may be related as well since this looks like echthyma gangrenosum, but the patient has a presumably normal immune system and feels well otherwise. It's unclear if there was fat or muscle necrosis in addition or whether there was a compartment syndrome. The patient is now going to a wound clinic where she can get this are properly debrided.
I have not seen necrosis like this from trauma before. Similar (but more irregular necrosis) can follow brown recluse spider bite. Here, I suspect trauma was the cause; however at one month out the patient has systemic symptoms. One wonders if a CT of the buttock might be of any value.

One week later:
Wound started to drain and was explored at wound clinic. A large cavity was found under the gluteus maximus muscle (around seven cm in diameter). it was irrigated and packed. I am not sure if the cavity contained blood or pus. Today, it was clean with no drainage. The area will likely need surgical intervention as it will take months to heal by the appearance. We will seek surgical opinions.

A Textbook Case

A 76 year old woman presented to the dermatologist with a four month history of darkening of the skin of her neck, axillae, inframammary areas and groin. She had vague G.I. symptoms and had seen her primary care doctor around four times with these complaints. Although her abdomen was "bloated" she'd lost 5 - 10 pounds over the past month. Her sister had died of pancreatic cancer. (Her daughter who works at a neurosurgery office had tried to get her seen by a dermatologist but none had time. It took two months to get her seen at my office which I see as a personal failure)

The patient is a pleasant outgoing woman who appears about her stated age. She has velvety hyperpigmentation of her skin folds.



In addition, she has developed around 10 verrucous tumors measuring 8 - 10 mm in diameter on arms and legs. One of these was biopsied.

A C.T. scan performed on the day of the dermatology visit revealed what appeared to be metastatic tumors in the peritoneum. The workup is in progress.

Most cases of acanthosis nigricans (AN) are benign and related to ethnicity, obesity or endocrinopathy. AN developing in an elderly individual should be a red light to pursue a work-up for malignancy. AN is an easy diagnosis to make and a four month delay in diagnosis is unfortunate. In all likelihood, this tumor had metastasized before the AN became manifest, but it seems unfortunate that the delay in diagnosis occurred.

A good review of AN can be found on eMedicine.

Fingertip Eczema

The patient is a 52 yo warehouseman with a two year history of a painful fingertip eczema of the first three fingers of his right hand and first four fingers of his left (dominant) hand. He handles cardboard boxes and drives a fork lift. He is also an avid golfer. The dermatitis is not seasonal.



He has been only minimally helped by super-potent topical corticosteroids.

Patch testing is scheduled but all we have available here is T.R.U.E. Test. If not helpful, he will be sent to an occupational dermatology department for further testing.

I assume this is an occupational contact dermatitis and have recommended that he use cotton gloves at work if possible.

Your ideas as to etiology and treatment pending definitive patch testing will be appreciated.

Turtles, Birds and Bears

Dermatologists in the U.S. spend a fair bit of time screening patients for skin cancers. In spite of this, there is little evidence that this screening decreases the mortality from skin cancer (mainly melanoma).

"Cancers follow three basic patterns: turtles, birds and bears.
1. Turtles move so slowly that you can still capture them while they’re moving slowly along;
2. The birds fly away so quickly that you can’t catch them in time;
3. The bears can escape if you ignore them, but if you catch them in time, you can capture them."

This simple but brilliant formula comes from a superb article by Christie Aschwanden on sunscreens and skin cancer that appeared in the July 10, NY Times.

Doctors Balk at Cancer Ad, Citing Lack of Evidence See Permalink.

This is a reasoned piece which quotes the best evidence-based information we have. Please read the article and draw your own conclusions.

Atypical Cheilitis

The patient is a 58 yo gynecologist who has had a scaly lower lip for over seven months. When it began, she was wearing orthodontic braces. These were removed around four months ago, but the scaling on the lower lip has persisted. She is a non-smoker. She has treated patients with genital warts with a laser for years and had questions about virus in the plume.

O/E: Hyperkeratosis of lateral portions of the lower lip. This is not the picture of leukoplakia usually seen with lichen planus or actinic cheilitis.




She was treated with hydrocortisone valerate 0.2% cream which was marginally helpful and then clobetasol ointment which was not effective.

Please tell me your thoughts. I am planning a biopsy. Most likely a 3 mm punch -- would you punch or shave?

Thank you.

Lactating Mother

The patient is a 23 yo woman who is nursing a 4 month old infant. She has had psoriasis since childhood, often quite severe. A single mother, she comes from a disadvantaged family and is trying to do all the right things for her young daughter. Her breasts are painful from the plaques and nursing.

[I apologize for the blurry picture. The battery was low and would not allow me to use macro function -- but you can get the idea.]



I think this is psoriasis of areolae caused by the trauma of nursing. The question is how to treat. The young mother wants to continue breast feeding for a few more months.
How would you treat the aroelae and nipples considering that a baby will be sucking on the area?

In These United States

The quality of care in the U.S. varies quite a bit. Everyday, I see patients who might do better elsewhere but can not afford specialist care. There are lots of docs here who specialize in diseases of the rich and well-insured.

Case in point. 55 year old woman with no health insurance. She has an epidermal inclusion cyst of the left inner canthus. It was 2 mm from the lacrimal duct.



I said: You should see an ophthalmologist.
She said: I have no insurance. Can't you do this?
I said: I can try, but I am not sure this will shell out easily.
She said: Please try -- anything will be better than this. How much will it cost?
I said: Okay. How about $45.
She said: Fine, I thought you'd ask a few hundred.

Procedure: Under local 1% xylocaine with epi I dissected the cyst. Luckily, it shelled out nicely. I had hoped not to have to close the defect; but needed to place a 6-0 nylon suture.
I guess it will look better.




I felt like a doctor for a brief moment. The doctor who was there. I knew an ophthalmologist could have done better; but most of them take their patients to an operating room where there is a big charge. This is the reality of health care here.

George Bascom said it better. See "Being There" Click on poem to enlarge.

Iatrogenic Striae

A 17 year old boy was seen by his pediatrician for a crural rash.
He was prescribed Clotrimazole/betamethasone diproprionate cream to use b.i.d for three weeks. At the end of that time, he called his doctor and said he still had the rash. He relates that he was told to continue for another three weeks.



Shortly thereafter, he noticed a discoloration in his groin and some tingling and erythema of the scrotum. The exam showed striae in crural folds and perhaps mild scrotal erythema.

Photo courtesy of DermNet

I see a few cases of striae secondary to this combination cream each year. The medication seems to have more risks than benefits. It should probably not be used for more than a week in groin or axillae. I have also occasionally encountered men with painful burning scrotums secondary to potent topical steroids (including this combination) and suspect that "scrotodynia" can be caused in this manner. This patient has mild symptoms scrotodynia, but I suspect they will resolve.

Here is a pertinent reference:
Clotrimazole/betamethasone diproprionate: a review of costs and complications in the treatment of common cutaneous fungal infections.

Greenberg HL, Shwayder TA, Bieszk N, Fivenson DP.

Pediatr Dermatol. 2002 Jan-Feb;19(1):78-81.


The use of antifungal/corticosteroid combinations as topical therapy for dermatophytoses has been criticized as being less effective, more expensive, and the cause of more adverse cutaneous reactions than antifungal monotherapy. The combination of clotrimazole and betamethasone diproprionate (Lotrisone) is a mix of an azole antifungal and a high-potency corticosteroid, and is one of the most widely prescribed of these combinations. Our objective was to describe the beneficial and deleterious effects of Lotrisone in the treatment of common cutaneous fungal infections and its relative cost-effectiveness. We did a literature review documenting clinical trial data and adverse reactions to Lotrisone and collected a cost analysis of topical antifungal prescribing data over a 2-month period from a large midwestern staff-model health maintenance organization (HMO). Lotrisone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis in adults and children more than 12 years of age. Treatment is limited to 2 weeks in the groin area and 4 weeks on the feet. The most concerning adverse effects of Lotrisone were reported in children and included treatment failure, striae distensae, hirsuitism, and growth retardation. This combination was also reported to have decreased efficacy in clearing candidal and Trichophyton infections as compared to single-agent antifungals. Lotrisone was considerably more expensive than clotrimazole alone and was found to account for more than 50% of topical antifungal expenditures as prescribed by primary care physicians, but only 7% of topical antifungals prescribed by dermatologists. We found that Lotrisone was shown to have the potential to induce many steroid-related side effects and to be less cost effective than antifungal monotherapy. This combination should be used judiciously in the treatment of cutaneous fungal infections and may not be appropriate for use in children.

The Mask

6/15/07


Every day one sees something unique: either a new disorder or a singular variant of common process. A 90 yo woman was seen yesterday 3 - 4 week after the onset of Herpes zoster of the second division of the trigeminal nerve. She was left with an impressive escar covering a large portion of the dermatome. It was relatively easy to debride most of the escar off. No anesthesia was necessary. I'll affix a follow-up photo when I see her back. Follow-up care was with cool compresses and Silvadene cream.

This woman lives alone, drives her own car and is the family matriarch. Hopefully, the zoster will not derail her.

The above photo is a bit out of focus. My fault.


6/18/07

Same Patient -- Three days later. Note involvement of nasal tip. 2nd branch of trigeminal but with nasal tip involvement (and patient had sorneal ulcer!) indicating perhaps involvement of nasociliary branch of trigeminal (which should not happen) -- aberrant innvervation? She seems much brighter today and not complaining of much pain.

Six Weeks Later
7/27/07

The patient's skin has healed nicely but she has persistent numbness around left ala and left naso-labial fold. Also lancinating episodic pain and resultant depression. A neurologist has put her on Neurontin which I do not feel is helpful. Post-herpetic neuralgia is a complex disorder and I think there's a huge "illness behavior" component. I don't think pharmacotherapy is the answer. Nonetheless, I gave her EMLA cream to use.

Case for Diagnosis

Presented by Choon Siew Eng FRCP, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.

46 years old woman with 3-year history of gradually enlarging asymptomatic indurated plaques on her neck, both axillae right side of abdomen, right groin and lower back. She is otherwise well with good general health. There was no significant family history.

Physical examination revealed multiple indurated erythematous to hyperpigmented plaques on right side of her neck, right flank, both groins and axillae. The overlying skin is atrophic with brownish adherent scales.
There were multiple groups of hyperpigmented papules on abdomen, upper thighs and legs. Some papules appeared yellowish. Palms, soles, nails, scalp and mucosae are spared.

I am thinking of treating her as sarcoidosis since she is distressed by her extensive lesions
Differential Diagnoses: Nodular amyloidosis, Scleromyxoedema, Morphoea, xanthogranuloma

Repeated blood tests such as full blood count,BUSE, LFT, thyroid functions, serum and urine calcium and autoimmune screening were normal. Her ESR was also normal . CXR was normal and Mantoux test was negative.Sputum for AFB X3 negative. Biopsy from abdominal lesion showed numerous granulomata composed of epithelioid histiocytes, lymphocytes and multinucleated giant cells, Langhan’s type. Special stains for Acid fast bacilli (ZN, Wade fite) and fungal bodies (PAS) were negative. No abnormal deposits of eosinophilic amorphous material seen. No foreign body seen by polarised light.

Case For Diagnosis

Presented by Dr. Amanda Oakley, Hamilton, New Zealand

A month ago, a 14-year old girl presented to the paediatricians with a fever, arthralgia and small purpuric and possibly target-like spots on her legs. She had been previously well and had taken no medications. After extensive negative investigation she was commenced on penicillin in case she had bacterial endocarditis, and was sent home.
She was readmitted yesterday with on-going fever and arthralgia, and crops of extremely painful plaques mainly affecting her face. Earlier lesions on her abdomen and limbs have resolved leaving marked hypo-hyperpigmentation or scarring. Biopsy of the plaque on her neck shows full thickness necrosis histologically with little inflammation. EM-like. Several new plaques have been observed to arise overnight despite an initial dose of prednisone 40mg. There is no mucosal involvement to date.
All tests so far negative - we are thinking up some more tests but we don't know the correct diagnosis. No other drugs as far as we can ascertain.
Has anyone seen anything like this? Is it erythema multiforme? Other possible diagnosis? Treatment?

Case for Diagnosis

The patient is a 54 yo woman with a 2 week history of a rash on the arms and chest. Two months ago, she had erythema nodosum with atypical features (on her legs). The work-up eventually discovered Crohn's disease. She was started on Asacol around a month ago and around 2 weeks ago developed erythematous papules on arms and anterior chest.

0/E: The new lesions are 6 - 8 mm in diameter erythematous papules with the suggestion of central punctae. The E.N. has resolved.

Lab: Representative lesions were biopied.

Question: What are your thoughts? We will post pathology in around a week.

Continuous Medical Education

VGRD and this VGRD Blog have been around for a number of years now. Both serve as forums at which dermatologists and other physicians can post and comment on interesting and challenging cases. Other sites such as the Skin Cancer Clinic blog out of Queensland, Australia serve a similar function and are better attended. We came across an article recently which lends credence to this activity and indicates that this interactive format may be a better way of providing continuing professional education than the lectures which we traditionally attend at conferences and hospital rounds.

The article appeared in The Journal of General Internal Medicine in 2004. Here are the particulars:

Toward Continuous Medical Education
Roni F Zeiger, MD
Gen Intern Med. 2005 January; 20(1): 91–94.
For full article click on PDF locate .pdf download access it.

While traditional continuing medical education (CME) courses increase participants' knowledge, they have minimal impact on the more relevant end points of physician behavior and patient outcomes. The interactive potential of online CME and its flexibility in time and place offer potential improvements over traditional CME. However, more emphasis should be placed on continuing education that occurs when clinicians search for answers to questions that arise in clinical practice, instead of that which occurs at an arbitrary time designated for CME. The use of learning portfolios and informationists can be integrated with self-directed CME to help foster a culture of lifelong learning.

Thorny, Horny Dilemma

Ian McColl from Queensland, Australia, is presenting a five year-old girl for opinions. He doesn't have much information at this time. We will present her case formally on VGRD in a week or two, but I know he'd appreciate rapid responses at this time, too.

Ian writes:
"She had been seen elsewhere for treatment of her "severe psoriasis" which she had for the last two years. Clinically this is chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. There is no family history. She has had vaginal candidiasis before and UTIs. She is otherwise well. She did have shotty glands in neck, groin and axillae.

Has anyone had recent experience of treating a case? Ketoconazole orally ? toxicity? Fluconazole orally? How long for? Best wishes, Ian."

Case from Inuvik

From Alex Wong, PGY II Internal Medicine, UAB, Calgary:
I'm currently on a rotation up in the Northwest Territories and I just came back from a three-day travel clinic in Inuvik. We were asked to consult on a 40 yo woman who essentially has wide-spread rash. Was wondering whether you guys had any ideas.
Hx and O.E: Sudden-onset maculopapular pruritic rash on the trunk (both front + back) and upper extremities including hands, no obvious triggers or contacts according to the GP. Tried steroid cream + Benadryl with no effect, used Prednisone and cleared almost immediately. Took the Prednisone away and immediately came back, so restarted the Prednisone a second time and tried to taper off slowly this time... again, when Prednisone was taken away, rash came back (although during taper apparently she didn't have any symptoms.
Biopsy:They got a skin biopsy, and unfortunately don't remember the exact details of the biopsy (sorry), except that it raised the possibility of SLE.
Lab: GP did ANA, which was positive. Subsequently did C3/C4 + dsDNA, which were negative.
Steroids being slow-tapered again, and she had no rash when I saw her yesterday afternoon. She works on/off as hotel housekeeper, but insists no new contacts / cleaning products.
Your thoughts would be greatly appreciated.

'Tis the Season

A 78 yo man with a history of non-melanoma skin cancer presented today for a general skin exam: a six month check-up. It is high spring now and everyone is outdoors doing something. On his left mid-back I spied this unusual "tumor." The patient was unaware of it. He was pruning apple trees two days ago.



If he hadn't come in for a routine exam, who knows when this would have been discovered.

I pulled the tick out with forceps, gave him 200 mg of doxycycline to take and will see him back as necessary.

Strange and stranger. What some call an "incidentaloma."

Positive Band Aid Sign

Most of us use the term "Positive Band Aid Sign." Let's call it PBAS
PUBMED has no articles on this entity and Google only had one or two hits.

I've seen three PBASs in the past week. What do you think of them? What lesions would you guess underlie the bandaids.


1. 72 yo woman with one month history of a lesion on upper lip



















2. 22 yo woman with 3 month history of lesion on arm
















3, 93 yo woman with one month history of lesion on arm

Palm Pense-Bête

You may remember La Maladie du Petit Papier which was reported here on January 27th. Today, Twentysomething Generation's equivalent emerged.

I propose calling it: La Maladie du Palm Pense-Bête. This was brought in by a 24 yo woman. Will the ingenuity of our patients never cease? "O brave new world [electronic]!"

Dermatomyositis -- New York Times

An interesting article appeared in the New York Times today on myositis. It is well-written and researched. You will benefit from and also enjoy perusing it. In addition, your patients will read it and may bring it to your attention.

March 27, 2007
An Elusive Diagnosis, and One That Comes With a Risk of Cancer

By RONI CARYN RABIN

To read the article click on Permalink

Is Treatment Worse Than Disease?

The patient is a 48 yo woman with many actinic keratoses on face and chest. After discussing therapeutic options, she elected to use fluouracil cream. She was started on nightly 5% 5FU cream and at two weeks was noted to have a moderate inflammatory response. The 5FU was continued. By 23 days, I got an email indicating that she wasn't sleeping and was very concerned. I had her come in and the pictures speak for themselves.

I stopped the 5FU, placed her on cold compresses b.i.d. and desonide cream. Ambien 5 mg was given for sleep since she had not slept well for 4-5 nights and requested a soporific.






















1) What would you have done differently?
2) Is this a good argument for PDT?

One Year Follow-up

The patient still does not feel she is perfect. However, her skin looks great and she has virtually no AKs.

Your comments will be appreciated.

Dave Elpern

Infant with Scalp Mass

The patient is a twenty-week-old infant with a scalp mass present for 2-3 months. It appears to be growing slowly. He was seven weeks premature; but otherwise all milestones have been normal. He had a type one intracranial bleed post partum but it was not complicated. He did have scalp vein IVs whilst in hospital, but it's unclear where they were.

The examination shows a 4x2.5 cm in diameter freely movable mass on the left parietal area. It feels firm. Skin and hair normal over it (in the photo it the hair looks a bit sparser over the lesion). Ultrasound was done and was interpreted as normal.



The mass looks benign. Do you have any suggestions about what this might represent and what to do at this point? Skull x-ray and CT may be indicated, however, I thought I'd get some opinions first.

Case from Cambodia

These photos were sent to Dr. Doug Johnson from Cambodia without any information.
It's sad to think that adequate medical care could have likely prevented most of this.
Your comments are welcome.